first introduction to C programming and will introduce you to many of the basic concepts of C and low-level coding.

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

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1 Introduction

This lab is your first introduction to C programming and will introduce you to many of the basic concepts of C and low-level coding. By the end of this lab, you will be expecting to understand the follow key points:

1. Understanding C libraries.

2. Understanding functions in C.

3. Understanding arithmetic in C.

4. Printing text to stdout in C.

5. Reading text from stdin in C.

6. Creating C Source files (.c) and Header files (.h).

7. Compiling C code.

The proceeding labs will build and expand this knowledge into the realm of low level computing, including memory management, data structures, methods for approaching low-level computation, and a variety of other subjects. As such, knowing these key principles will be important for future programming and development.

In this lab you are expected to perform the basics of cloning your Lab 2 repository from the GitLab course group. A link to the course group can be found here and your repository can be found in the Lab2 subgroup. See the Lab Technical Document for more information on using git. You will notice that your repository has a file in the Lab2 directory named delete this file. Due to the limitations of GitLab, we are not able to push completely empty directories. Before you push your work to your repository (which should be in the Lab2 directory anyway), make sure to first use the git rm command to remove the extra file. If you do not, your pipeline will fail.

Be sure to read this entire document before starting!

 

2 Simple C Code Example

Since you should already have some experience with a previous programming language, the easiest way to get started with the C programming language is to try a working example. Read through the following code and then use the instructions at the bottom of this page to get it running.

 

2.1 example.c

 

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5

6 //   The    stdio . h   library    gives    us    access    to    printf    and    scanf.

# include    <stdio .h>

 

//   The    stdlib . h   library    gives    us    access    to    atoi. # include    <stdlib .h>

7 int change Number ( int    number)

8 {

9 //   Add   15   to   the    number.

10 int    new Number   =   number   +   15;

11

12 //    Multiply    the    number    by   12.

13 new Number   =   new Number   *   12;

14

15 //    Subtract    15   from    the    number.

16 new Number   =   new Number    -   15;

17

18 //    Divide    the    number    by   5.    This    acts   as    integer    division !

19 new Number   =   new Number   /   5;

20

21 //   Find    the    remainder    of   the    number    divided    by   150.

22 new Number   =   new Number   %   150;

23

24 //    Return    the    new    number    after    calculations .

25 return    new Number;

26 }

27

28 int main ( int   argc ,   char **   argv)

29 {

30 //    Create    four    integer    variables.

31 int   one ,   two ,   three ,   four;

32

33 //    Alert    the    user    that    they    have   to    enter    some    numbers.

34 printf(" Enter    four    integers:   ");

35

36 //    Retrieve    four    integers    separated    by    spaces    from    stdin .

37 scanf("% d   % d   % d   % d",   & one ,   & two ,   & three ,   & four);

38

39 //    Print    the    four    integers    to   the    screen .

40 printf(" Numbers    Received :   % d   % d   % d   % d\ n",   one ,   two ,   three ,   four);

41

42 //    Update    each    number    using    the    change Number    function .

43 one =   change Number ( one );

44 two =   change Number ( two );

45 three   =   change Number ( three );

46 four =   change Number ( four);

47

48 //    Print    the    updated    numbers    to   the    screen .

49 printf(" Updated    Numbers :   % d   % d   % d   % d\ n",   one ,   two ,   three ,   four);

50

51 //    Create    four    string    variables ,   each   of    length    10.

52 char  s1 [10] ,   s2 [10] ,   s3 [10] ,   s4 [10];

53

54 //    Convert    the    four    integers    to   strings ,   stored    in   our    string    variables.

55 printf(" Converting    integers    to    strings ...");

56 sprintf( s1 ,   "% d",   one );

57 sprintf( s2 ,   "% d",   two );

58 sprintf( s3 ,   "% d",   three );

59 sprintf( s4 ,   "% d",   four);

60 printf("   Done .\ n");

61

62 //    Print    the    integers    from    various    sources ,   including   a   original    integer ,

63 //   a   string ,   and    two    strings    converted    back    to    integers.

64 printf(" Testing    AtoI    Output:   % d   % s   % d   % d\ n",   atoi( s1 ),   s2 ,   atoi( s3 ),   four);

65

66 //    Explicit    successful exit    code    0.

67 return 0;

68 }

2.2 Output

Enter    four    integers:   1   2   3 4

Numbers    Received :   1   2   3 4

Updated    Numbers :   35   37 40  42

Converting    integers    to    strings ...    Done .

Testing    AtoI    Output:   35   37   40   42

2.3 Running example.c on Timberlea

Make a test directory somewhere on Timberlea, create a file named example.c and place the above source code inside it using vim. Save and close vim, then enter the commands at the Unix bash prompt:

Take a few minutes to try different inputs to the program to see what happens.

 3 Data Types, Keywords, and Language Features

The C programming language has a variety of keywords which are reserved and may only be used for their intended purpose. These reserved keywords offer a collection of functionality and make up the key building blocks of your C programs, some of which you will use very regularly, and some you may never use at all.

3.1 Data Types

The reserved words you are likely to use the most are related to data types. Since C is statically typed, all of the data types of variables and values are checked at compile time to ensure the logic of your code will not fail. This means you will have to be careful and specific when assigning variable types. However, C has some methods of ”breaking” the static typing rules, such as being able to push data of one type into another type using pointers. We will discuss that in a later lab.

Attachments:

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