we will look at some examples of Template Specialization.

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Template Lab

In this lab, we will look at some examples of Template Specialization. The files are in ~cs253/Lab/Template. Create a file called results.cc, and turn it in for credit. You must compile it with

g++ -std=c++17 -Wall, and that must not produce any warnings or errors. A video introduction is available.

A Bar Graph Template

In 1.cc, we have a program that defines the BarGraph

template. Here's how to use it:

BarGraph alpha;

alpha += 12;

Oh, you're special?

alpha += 6;

alpha += 4;

imgflip.com

alpha += 6; alpha += 6; alpha.dump();

Tell me about it.

This create a Bargraph of ints, uses it to count four ints, and then produce this bar graph:

4 * 6 ***

12 *

This template class has several features worth discussion:

It uses a std::map to count the elements as they come in. The key of the map is the templated type T, an int, in this case.

The value of the map is an unsigned int. It's unsigned because it's a counter, and counters can't be negative. We may as well use an unsigned int, which has no negative values, but can hold twice as many positive values.

The map is sorted by the key (an int, in this case). Therefore, the output is in the order 4, 6, 12.

It overloads += to "add" items to the bar graph. The return type of this operator+= is void. += usually returns a reference to this, because all standard assignment operators do that, but it's only a convention, • Batrruleh uses a std::string temporary to print a number of stars. That is, string(23,'*') calls the string ctor to creates a temporary unnamed string that contains 23 asterisks.

• It uses an iterator to traverse (walk through) the sorted map.

Advantages of templates

The benefit of a template is its generality. BarGraph should work for any type, as long as it is (think "Duck Typing"):

⚫ copyable (copy ctor & operator=)

• comparable via <

• printable via

 

Attachments:

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